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On discourse on immigration

August 12th, 2006

I have enjoyed and learned from the podcast on the language to use when speaking about immigrants. Of course I agree with all those who have persuasively argued that calling them “illegal aliens” not only is an expression of racist attitudes but also may contribute to spreading and confirming these attitudes in society. It is totally irrelevant whether they are in fact “illegal” (and “aliens”), because it is the conditions and implications of such use and its association with racist ideologies that makes its use racist. It is not just the words or their meanings that you need to take into account, but also their context: who says what with what goals, etc. In any case, there are many other designations that do not carry these negative implications, such as “undocumented immigrant” - which emphasizes that WE did not yet give them papers. Here in Spain we call them simply “sin papeles” (without papers). The general ethical rule is this: You call people how THEY want to be called. So, if you (still) use, say, “Negro” instead of, say “African American” in the United States, you know that because of elementary principles of the sociology of language you are engaging in a form of racism. And the logic is this: Who has the power? Who is dominant? So, to qualify people negatively who do not have the power, may contribute to the confirmation of inequality, and that is wrong. This is why, conversely, using critical negative descriptions for people in a dominant position and who abuse of their power, is NOT a problem, because it it challenges their power abuse, and that is fine. So, there is no problem to talk about racist practices (news reporting, government, etc.).
The way we call people of other groups is part of a much more general problem: how “we” talk and write about “them”. Such discourse is part of the very structure of racism as a system of ethnic domination and inequality, consisting of (a) racist practices: discrimination, and (b) racist cognition: prejudices, racist ideologies. Discourse is the social practice that is able to discriminate other people (e.g. by negative labels, and so on), and at the same time may reproduce racist ideologies. It is therefore central in the reproduction of racism.

My work since more than 20 years has been focused on the study of racist discourse (see my website for details, bibliographies, papers, etc: www.discourses.org). I show how for political discourse, media discourse, textbooks, everyday storytelling, etc etc. detailed and subtle properties of discourse, especially of the elites, may contribute to the reproduction of racism in society. I am less interested in the obvious right wing discourses we all recognize as racist, but rather in the everyday discourses of our “own” institution, newspaper, etc.

Using words like “illegal alien” is just one minor aspect of such discriminatory discourses. It is important how in many other ways we may discriminate against other by text or talk: our topics, headlines, metaphors, ways of describing people, and so on. The general strategy of all this racist discourse is the following:

Emphasize Their Bad things and Our Good Things

Deemphasize Our Bad Things and Their Good Things

One of the ways dominant discourse de-emphasizes our bad things is through the denial of racism, which is classical in elite discourse: media, scholarship, politics, etc.

If you want to correspond with me about this, please be welcome: teun at discourses dot org

Teun A. van Dijk

Pompeu Fabra University

dept. of Translation and Philology

Barcelona, Spain.

Moral Panics and Contradictions

July 30th, 2006

How language can de-humanise immigrants

July 30th, 2006

Of Illegals and Legals

July 27th, 2006

Are there other frames?

July 26th, 2006

Podcast available - expert comment portal open!

July 24th, 2006

Can the term “illegal alien” be offensive?

July 20th, 2006

Should immigrants coming to U.S. speak English?

July 20th, 2006

language differences

July 19th, 2006

A Name Isnt Just A Name

July 18th, 2006